What does the term 'p-factor' refer to in flight dynamics?

The term 'p-factor' in flight dynamics refers specifically to the propeller-induced yaw experienced during flight. This phenomenon occurs primarily due to the asymmetrical thrust produced by the propeller blades as they rotate. When an aircraft is at a high angle of attack, typically during takeoff and climb, the descending blade of the propeller generates more thrust than the ascending blade because the descending blade has a higher effective velocity through the air. This differential thrust causes a yawing motion towards the direction of the ascending blade, requiring the pilot to apply corrective rudder input to maintain straight flight.

Understanding p-factor is crucial for pilots, especially during critical phases of flight, as it can significantly influence the aircraft's handling characteristics and responsiveness. Recognizing how p-factor affects yaw is essential for maintaining control and ensuring safe operation of the aircraft, particularly in high-performance or tailwheel aircraft where p-factor can be more pronounced.